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     ghthu;j;j uj;dhfuh  ------  up\g yf;dk;

up\g yf;dj;jpy; gpwe;j xU [hjfUf;F :-;;

1.   9 kw;Wk; 10 f;F cupatuhf rdp ,Ue;jNghJk;>mtu; Nahffhuuhf Mtjpy;iy.NkYk;>#upaDk;>GjDk; yf;dj;jpypUe;jhYk; Nahfk; jUtjpy;iy. Mdhy; kfhKdptu; guhruh; uh[Nahfj;ij mspf;f ty;ytu; rdpNa vd;fpwhu;.mtu; kfhKdptu; vd;gjhy; mtupd; $w;iwNa rupnad vLj;Jf; nfhs;Nthk;. ,jd; Mrpupau; uhkhDrhr;rhh;ah >rdp Nahfk; jUtjpy;iy vd;W Fwpg;gpl;lJ rdp mRguhf ,Ug;gjhy; Nahfq;fis [hjfu; mDgtpf;fKbahky; Nghfyhk; vd;gjhf ,Uf;fyhk;.;

2.   uhF 10 ypUe;jhYk; my;yJ nrt;tha; kw;Wk; FU kfuj;jpypUe;jhYk;> [hjfu; fq;ifapy; ePuhLthu;.

3.   4 k; tPl;by; re;jpudpUe;J> FU my;yJ Gjdhy; ghu;f;fg;gLk; re;jpudhy; [hjfUf;F Nahfj;ijj; ju ,aYk;.

4.   7 k; tPl;bypUf;Fk; nrt;tha; ey;ytuhfpwhu; #upaDk;>9 k; mjpgjp rdpAk; ,ize;J 11 y; ,Uf;f ePz;l MAs; cilatuhfpwhu;.

5.   ;;FU (8>11) kw;Wk; Gjd;(2>5) MfpNahupd; ,izT my;yJ gu];gu ghu;it [hjfUf;F jd Nahfj;ij mspf;fpwJ.

6.   ,e;j FU>Gjd; ,iztpy; nrt;thapd;(12) ,izNth my;yJ ghu;itNah jd Nahfj;ij mopj;JtpLfpwJ.

7.   FU>Gjd; kw;Wk; nrt;tha; ,izT my;yJ ghu;it>Gjdpd; jrh fhyj;jpy; [hjfu; fldhspahthu;.;

8.   ;up\gyf;d [hjfUf;F nrt;tha; jrh nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wj;ijAk;> FU jrh ey;yJ>nfl;lJ fye;j gyd;fisAk; Gjd; Nfe;jpuj;jpy;; ,Uf;f>; jUk;;.Gjd; jd; jrhtpYk;; Nahfj;ij mspf;fpwhu;.

9.   GjDk;> Rf;fpuDk; yf;dj;jpypUe;J >7 y; FU ,Uf;f Gjd; jdJ jpirapy;;; rf;jp kpf;f Nahfj;ijr; nra;fpwhu;.

10. nrt;thAk;>Rf;fpuDk; yf;dj;j;pypUe;J FU kfuj;jpypUf;f >Gjd; kw;Wk; FU jrhf;fhyq;fs; mjpu;\;lk; kpf;fjhf ,Uf;Fk;.Nkw;nrhd;d %d;W fpufq;fs; yf;dj;jpypUg;gjd; fhuzkhf>FU ePrgq;fkhfpwhu;.

11. rdp>Gjd; kw;Wk; nrt;tha; 9 k; ,lj;jpYk;>uhF Fk;gj;jpYk;(10) ,Uf;f [hjfu; nrt;tha; kw;Wk; uhF jrhf; fhyq;fspy; fq;ifapy; Gdpj ];dhdk; nra;thu;.

12. re;jpud; (3)kw;Wk; Rf;fpud;(6); 6 k; ,lj;jpYk;>11 y; FUTk; GjDk; ,Uf;f  [hjfUf;F FU jpir jd Nahfj;ij mspf;fpwJ.

13. Rf;fpu jirapy;> [hjfUf;F re;Njfj;jpw;F ,lkpd;wp Vuhskhd nrhj;Jf;fs; NrUk;.mtu; ghf;fpa Nahfj;jpd; gyid re;Njh\khf mDgtpg;ghu;.

14. yf;dj;jpy; re;jpud; ,Ue;jhy;  [hjfUf;F mjpf msT jdNahfk; miktjpy;iy.

15. kw;w uhrpfs; yf;dkhf mike;J re;jpud; yf;dj;jpypUf;f  [hjfu; epr;rpakhf mjpu;\;lrhypahthu;.;

16. ;;;;Nkw;fz;l 9 ghly;fspy; Fwpg;gpl;ltw;wpd rhuhk;rj;ijg; ghu;f;Fk;NghJ> FU>nrt;tha; kw;Wk; Gjd; MfpNahu; ,izT kw;Wk; ghu;it %ykhf Nahfj;ijj; jUfpd;wdu;.5 kw;Wk;7 f;fhd Gjd;>nrt;tha; MfpNahu; Nahfj;ijj; je;jhYk;>8 kw;Wk; 11 f;F cupa FU vq;qdk; ju ,aYk;.mtu; 10 y; ,Ue;jhy; kl;LNk Nahfj;ijj; jUthu;.

;	re;jpud;> uhF;	yf;//;	rdp		FU		yf;//;	uhF
#upad;> Gjd;>FU.	uhrp					ethk;rk;
					Gjd;
Rf;fpud;		nrt;tha; NfJ;			NfJ		re;>#up rdp>Rf;> nrt;.;

[hjfu; gpwe;jehs; :12 – 1 – 1856 > Neuk; - 12 -21 gfy;. 8° N 00 > 84°E.00. jrhapUg;G : Rf;fpud; -6 t 11 kh 3 ehs;.

FU (8>11)Gjd;(2>5)#upad;(4) %tUk; 10 kplj;jpy; cs;sdu;.#upad;>Gjd; ,izT Nahfk; je;jJ.,e;j NahfepiyNahL ,ize;jjhy; FU 10 kplj;jpy; ,Ug;gJ [hjfupd; Gfo;>nfsutj;ij mjpfupj;jJ.FUtpd; jrhf; fhyj;jpy; [hjfu; mjpfkhf rk;ghjpj;jhu;>GfOk; Xq;fpaJ.FU jrh filrpapy; [hjfu; Neha;tha;g;gl;lhu;.nrt;thahy; ghu;f;fg;gl;L 12 y; ,Uf;Fk; uhF Gj;jpapy;>mtu; ,lJ fhy;fspy; cs;s 2 tpuy;fs; mWitrpfpr;ir %yk; mfw;wg;gl;lJ(12 kplk; ghjk;>nrt;tha;-mWitrpfpr;ir).

                kpJd yf;dk;.

kpJd  uhrpia yf;dkhff; nfhz;l [hjfUf;F:

1.   3 kplj;jpy; #upad; kw;Wk; Gjd; ,Uf;f>Gjd; jdJ jrhf; fhyj;jpy; fz;bg;ghf Nahfj;ijj; jUtNjhL ey;y gyd;fisAk; mjpfkhfj; jUfpwhu;.

2.   2 kplj;jpy;>Rf;fpud;>(5>12)nrt;tha;(6>11)kw;Wk; re;jpud; (2) ,Uf;f Rf;fpu jrhtpy; mjpf nrhj;Jf;fs; NrUk;.

3.   2 kplj;jpy; nrt;thAk; kw;Wk; re;jpuDk;>rdpAk; 8 y; ,Uf;f> rdp(8>9) jd; jrhf; fhyj;jpy; fyg;G gyd;fisj; je;jhYk;> nrt;thahdtu; epr;rpakhf jd Nahfj;ijj; jUfpwhu;.,q;F nrt;tha; ePr gq;fkhfpajhNyNa jd Nahfj;ijj; jUfpwhu;.

4.   2 y; nrt;thAk;> rdpAk; ,Ue;J>re;jpud; 8 y; ,Uf;f> rdp kw;Wk; nrt;tha; jrhf;fhyq;fspy; [hjfupd; nrhj;Jf;fs; mope;jhYk; mtu; ifapy; nrhw;g gzNkDk; ,Uf;Fk;. ;;;

5.   re;jpud; 2 kplj;J mjpgjpahfpDk; khufuhtjpy;iy.(re;NjfNk vd gP.tp.uhkd; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.)

6.   rdp 9 y; ,Ue;J> re;jpuDk;>nrt;thAk; 11 y; ,Uf;f gyk; kpf;f jdNahfj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhfpd;wdu;.

7.   9 y; FUTk;>rdpAk; ,lk;ngw mtu;fspd; jrhf; fhyq;fspy; [hjfu; fq;if kw;Wk; gy Gz;zpa jPu;j;jq;fspy; ePuhLthu;.

8.   11 y; GjdpUf;f [hjfu; jd; %j;j rNfhjuuplk; fUj;J NtWghL nfhs;thu;.

;Gj>Rf;> FU>rdp	re;jpud;> #upad;		yf;//; NfJ> nrt;		NfJ rdp> yf;//;	#up
	uhrp					ethk;rk;
								Rf;
uhF					nrt;		FU> Gjd;	re; uhF;

11 – 4 – 1880. gfy; 12 kzp. ml;rNif -18°N 00 jPu;f;fNuif 5 °E 34. jrhapUg;G – re;jpujrh – 1 t 6 kh 27 ehs;.

    ,e;j [hjfj;jpy; re;jpud; 11 y; ghjpf;fg;glhjpUg;gJ [hjfiu Rkhuhd epiyapypUe;J kpfg; ngupa msTf;F nry;t epiyapy; cau;j;jpaJ.yf;dk; kw;Wk; gj;jhk; tPl;by; 6 f;Ff; Fiwahky; fpufq;fs; ;,Ug;gJ [hjfiu RWRWg;ghdtuhfTk;>vjpYk; Kjd;ikahf ,Uf;Fk; rpe;jdhthjpahfTk; Mf;fpaJ.;

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