உலக - இந்திய ஜோதிட ஞானிகள்.

இந்திய ஜோதிடம்.

  ,e;j gpugQ;rj;jpy; ,e;jpa N[hjplnkd;gJ> fhyj;jhy; mopahj>ek; Kd;Ndhu;fshy;;; KOtJkhf gupNrhjpf;fg;gl;L>ekf;F mspf;fg;gl;l kpfj; njhd;ikahd N[hjpl KiwahFk;. “N[hjp\h” vDk; rk];fpUj thu;j;ijf;F xspfspd; tpQ;Qhdk; vd;W nghUs;. ,e;jpa my;yJ ,e;J N[hjplk; Nkiy ehl;ltuhy; Ntj N[hjplnkd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;Jf;fspd; Nfhl;ghLfisf; nfhz;Ls;s Ntjj;jpypUe;J Njhd;wpaNj N[hjpl rh];jpukhFk;. ,e;j gpugQ;rj;jpd; tptupf;f Kbahj jhf;fj;ij ehk; Gupe;J nfhs;sf;$ba tpQ;QhdNk N[hjpl tpQ;QhdkhFk;. ,ij czu;e;J khztu;fs; ,f;fiyia fw;gjpy; xU fu;;tKk;>ngUikAk;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.;; ,e;j mw;Gjf; fiyiaf; fw;gjpy; cq;fSf;F Vw;gLk;; Mu;tKk;;>mu;g;gzpg;G czu;TNk cq;fs; midtiuAk; xU rpwe;j N[hjpluhf;fptpLk; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.;

   gz;ila Kdptu;fspd; tho;f;ifiag;gw;wpa mtu;fspd; GupjiyAk;>mDgtq;fisAk; NtjN[hjplk; gpujpgypf;fpwJ. ,e;J Kdptu;fs; kw;Wk; jj;JtQhdpfs; flTisg;gw;wpa tpsf;fq;fis mspj;J> mij kf;fspilNa nfhz;Lnry;y kpFe;j rpukq;fis rpu Nkw; nfhz;ldu;. ,e;j cyfNk nja;tPf rf;jpahy; ,aq;Ftjhf tpsf;fpdu;. flTisg;gw;wpa cau;e;j QhdkhdJ xt;nthU kdpjidAk; fhj;J>mtd; tsu;r;rpf;fhd ey;y re;ju;gq;fis cUthf;fpj;jUfpwJ vd;Wk; czu;j;jpdu;. mg;gbg;gl;l xU mupa re;ju;g;gNk> = mfj;jpau; N[hjpl gapw;rp ikaj;jpy;;;;; khzt kzpfs; jq;fis ,izj;Jf; nfhz;ljhFk;. mtu;fshy; czu;j;jg;gl;l ,f; nfhs;iffs; midj;JNk kdpjDf;F ijupaj;ijAk;>ek;gpf;ifiaAk; mspj;jJ. vdNt> Ntj N[hjplkhdJ kdpjdpd; gf;jp kakhd eltbf;iffs; kPJ ek;gpf;if itf;fpwJ. NkYk;> mtDf;Fj; jhd; ahu; vd;w cz;ikfisAk; czu topfhl;LfpwJ. ,e;j topfhl;lyhdJ xt;nthU Md;khTk; jhd; fw;fpd;w ghlq;fis>me;j re;ju;g;gq;fspy;> mtu;fs; kl;LNk fw;f KbAk; vd;w cz;ikiaAk; czu cjTfpwJ. ,g;gbahf >,e;j Md;khTf;F Rg;uPk; gtuhd flTs; kw;Wk; fpufq;fs; mspj;j topfhl;Ljy;fshYk;>mjd; %ykhf Vw;gl;l ek;gpf;ifahYk;> N[hjplu;fs; fzpf;fpd;w gyd;fs; cz;ikahfpd;wd. vg;NghJk; jtWtjpy;iy vd;gij mtd; njupe;J nfhs;fpwhd;.

   N[hjplj;ijg; gw;wpa goikahd E}y;fspy; xd;W yfjhthy; vOjg;gl;l upf; N[hjplkhFk;. ,jpy; Ie;J tifahd tUlq;fisg;gw;wpAk;>,U madq;fSk; mjd; Jtf;f el;rj;jpuq;fSk; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. NkYk; 27 el;rj;jpuq;fs;>tre;jfhy rkfhyg;Gs;spfspd; tf;ufjp Nghd;w EZf;fkhd tptuq;fSk; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ijj;upa g;uhkzhtpy; MW gUtq;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.

   N[hjpltpaypd; 18 %yfu;j;jhf;fshd Kdptu;fs; mjd; tsu;r;rpf;Fg; ghLgl;ltu;fs; Mtu;. mtu;fs; #u;a>gpjhkf>tpahr>trp\;l>mj;up>guhru> f];ag>ehuj>fu;f>kuPrp>kD>Mq;fpur> Nyhkr>ngsypr>];atd>atd>gpUF kw;Wk; nrsdf Mfpa xt;nthUtUk; XU rpj;jhe;jj;ij vOjpAs;sdu;. ,tu;fs; mspj;j rpj;jhe;jq;fs; kw;Wk; gz;ila ,yf;fpaq;fs; midj;Jk; mwpTf; fsQ;rpaq;fshfj; jpfo;fpd;wd. N[hjplj;ij rpj;jhe;j ghfk; kw;Wk; gypj ghfk;>mjhtJ fzpjk; kw;Wk; gyd;$Wk; ghfk; vd ,U gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fyhk;.

   uhrp kz;lyk; vDk; ntspr;rf;fuj;jhy; fpufpf;fg;gl;l fjpu;tPr;Rfs; tbfl;lg;gl;L G+kpf;F mDg;gp itf;fg;gLfpd;wd. uhrp kz;lykhdJ Nk\uhrp Kjy; kPduhrp tiuapyhd 12 uhrpfshfg; gpupf;fg; gl;Ls;sd. kdpj tho;f;ifapy; filg;gpbf;f Ntz;ba  ehd;F flikfshd ju;kk; (ey;top)>mu;j;j (nry;tk;)>fhkk;; ;(Mirfs;) kw;Wk; Nkhl;rk; (flTsplk; Mj;k ruzhfjp miljy;) Mfpatw;iw Kiwahf ey;topiaf; filg;gpbj;J>nry;tk; Nru;j;J>Mirfis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhz;lgpd; Mj;k rku;gzkhf flTsplk; ruzhfjp mila Ntz;Lnkd;gNj uhrpfspy; Gijj;J itf;fg;gl;ls;s kiw nghUshFk;. me;j kiwnghUis mwpaNt khztu;fs; ,q;Nf xd;wpize;Js;sPu;fs;. ,dp n[hjplj;jpd; Njhw;wk; kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhfg; ghLgl;l cyf tpQ;Qhdpfs; kw;Wk; ,e;jpa N[hjplj;jpd; mirf;fKbahj m];;jpthuq;fshd Kdptu;fs; gw;wpa tptuq;fisf; fhz;Nghk;.

   

உலக வானியல் நிபுணர்கள்

  fpshba]; gpNlhykp : ,tuJ topKiwfs; gpw;fhyj;jpy; jtW>rupahdjy;y vdr; Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gl;lhYk;>,tu; cyfpd; kpfr;rpwe;j thdpay; kw;Wk; fzpj epGzu;fspy; xUtu; vd;gij kWg;gjw;fpy;iy. MdhYk; ,tupd; Nfhl;ghLfisg; gpd;gw;wpa ty;Ydu;fSf;F mJ m];jpthukhfTk;> cjTtjhfTk; mike;jd. 16 k; E}w;whz;L tiu ,tuJ  Nfhl;ghLfs; tpQ;Qhd cyif Mf;ukpj;jpUe;jd. ,tu; vfpg;jpYs;s mnyf;]hz;bupahtpy; jdJ tho;ehspd;; ngUk;gFjpiaf; fopj;jhu;. ,tuJ Gfo;ngw;w E}yhd ‘my;khn[];’l;by; fpufq;fs;>#upa>re;jpu epiyfs; kw;Wk; efuhj el;rj;jpuq;fs; Mfpatw;iw ‘[pNahnkl;upf;’ fzpjk; %ykhf tpsf;fpAs;shu;.

    epf;nfhy]; fhgu;epf]; : ,tu; xU ‘ghyp\’; thdpay; epGzu; Mthu;. ,tuJ ‘fhgu;epf]; jpaup’ %ykhf Gfo; ngw;whu;. ,jpy; gpugQ;rj;jpw;Fk;> G+kpf;Fk; eLtpy; G+kp ,Ug;gjhfTk;;;;> mJ jd; mr;rj;jpy; jd;idj;jhNd Rw;wpf; nfhz;L #upaidAk; tyk; tUtjhff; $wpAs;shu;. ,e;j eilKiw ‘`PypNah nrd;l;upf’; my;yJ eLtpy; #upad; Kiwnad toq;fg;gl;lJ.

    ilf;Nfhg;Nu: ,tu; #upaghijapd; Jy;ypakhd mstPl;L Kiwfisf; fz;Lgpbj;jtu;.mj;Jld; 700 f;Fk; mjpfkhd el;rj;jpuq;fisAk; fz;lgpbj;j lhdp\; ehl;L thdtpay; mwpQu.fp.gp.1572 y; fh]pNahgpah el;rj;jpuf; $l;lq;fspd; mUNf #g;gu;Nehth el;rj;jpuj;ijf; fz;Lgpbj;jNj ,tuJ fz;lgpbg;Gf;fspy; jiyahaJ.;

    fyPyp fyPypNah : (fp.gp.1564-1642) ,tu; xU ,j;jhypa ngsjpfk; kw;Wk; thdpay; epGzu;. thdpay; kw;Wk; ngsjpfj;jpw;Fk; ,tu;nra;j Nrit kw;Wk; gq;fspg;G vg;NghJk; epidtpy; itj;jf;nfhs;s Ntz;ba xd;whFk;. 1613 y; ‘#u;ah ];ghl;’ kw;Wk; 1624 y; ‘ilyhf; Md; jp ill;];’ Mfpa Gj;jfq;fis ntspapl;lhu;. fhgu;epf]; kw;Wk; g;Nyhlkp MfpNahiug;gw;wp tpku;rpj;jjhy; Nuhk; ehl;bd; tprhuiz kd;wj;jhy; tprhupf;fg;gl;L rpiwapyilf;fg;gl;lhu;.

    N[hfd;]; Nfg;yu;; : n[u;kdpapd; thdpay; epGzu; kw;Wk; ,aw;if jj;Jtthjpahthu;. fpuf mirTfSf;fhd tpjpfs; %d;iwf; fz;Lgpbj;J>me;j #j;jpuq;fis Nrhjpj;Jg; ghu;j;Jk; ngUikaile;jhu;. ,JNt ‘Nfg;yu;]; yh’ Nfg;yupd; tpjpfs; vdg; Gfo; ngw;wJ. ‘vgpNlhk; Mg; fhg;gu;epf];’ vd;w ,tupd; E}y; kpfr; rpwe;j E}yhFk;.

     vl;kz;l `hyp : (fp.gp 1656-1742). Kjd;Kjyhf thy;el;rj;jpuj;jpd; Row;rpiaf; fzpj;jtu;.1687 y; gpupd;]pgps; vd;w Gj;jfj;ij jdJ nrhe;j nrytpy; ntspapl;l gpupl;b\;fhuu;. re;jpudpd Vw;w ,wf;fkhd Row;rpfis 18 Mz;Lfs; Ma;T nra;jhu;. ,tu; cyFf;F mspj;j rpwe;j E}y; ‘fhkl;lup m];l;uhdkp’ vd;gjhFk;.

     kupah kpl;nry; :; (fp.gp. 1818 – 1889 ) ,tu; kpfr;rpwe;j ngz; thdpayhsu;. 1847 y; ,tu; fz;lgpbj;j njhiyNehf;fp thy; el;rj;jpuk; jhd; (nly];Nfhgpf; fhnkl;) thdpaw; Jiwapy ,tUf;F rupahd mq;fPfhuj;ijaspj;jJ.

இந்திய ஜோதிட ஞானிகள்

   

  ,e;jpa N[hjplkhdJ FUFy Kiwapy;> FU tha;nkhopahff; $wp rp\;au;fSf;Fg; nghjpj;jhu;. ,JnthU rpwe;j Kiwnad;whYk;>vJTNk vOj;J %ykhf gjpT nra;ag;glhjJ kpfg; ngupa FiwahFk;. FUthdtu; jdJ kpfr; rpwe;j khztu;fSf;F kl;LNk ufrpaq;fisf; fw;gpj;jhu;. ,jd; fhuzkhfNt gy Kf;fpakhd N[hjplj; jfty;fis ehk; vg;NghJNk ; ngwKbahkw; NghdJ. ,JNt FU rp\;a Kiw my;yJ FUFyKiwapdhy; Vw;gl;l kpfg; ngupa FiwahFk;.

      fu;f Kdptu;>tpj;jh fu;f>m];jp>Mu;agl;lh vd;w fzpjNkij>gpUF #j;jpuk; vOjpa gpUFKdptu;>gpuf];gjp(FU)>gj;uhazu;>fgpyu;>f\;agu;>kD>kdpjh>kfup\p guhruh> rj;ar;rhu;ah>tuh`pkpfpuu;>gpUfj; [hjfj;Jf;F tpsf;fkspj;j gNlhj;gtu;>tuhfpkpfpuupd; Gjy;tu; gpUj;Aahrh>itj;jpaehj jPl;rpju;>([hjfghup[hjk; vOjpatu;)>cj;jpufhyhkpu;jk; vOjpa fhspjhru;;>[hjf jj;Jth vOjpa kfhNjth>,d;Dk; vj;jidNah>kfhKdptu;fs;> mwpQu;fs;>,e;jpa N[hjpl tsu;r;rpf;Fk;>Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fk; jq;fs; NritiaAk;> gq;fspg;igAk;> thup toq;fpatu;fs; Mtu;.

      kfup\p guhruu;; : (fp.K. 3200 ) ,tu; ,e;jpa N[hjpl cyfpd; je;ij vd ;midtuhYk; Gfog;gl;ltu;. ,tu;gilj;j kpfg; ngupa N[hjpl E}y; ‘gpUfj; guhru N`huh rh];j;uh’ vd;w E}yhFk;. ,e;j E}ypy; ,tu; jdJ FUkhu;fshd gpuf];gjp kw;Wk; trp\;lu; MfpNahupd; fUj;Jf;fisAk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sjhy; ,tUf;F mtu;fspd; jhf;fk; mjpfk; ,Ue;jpUf;Fk; vdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

        kfup\p n[a;kpdp : guhruupd; rk fhyj;jtu; Mthu;.  tpahr kfup\papd; gpujhd rPlu;fspy; xUtuhd ,tiu tpahr Kdptu; gj;uhazu; vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. ,tuJ #j;jpuq;fspy; Uj;uhk;rk;>r];jhk;rk;>rg;jhk;rk; kl;Lkpd;wp yf;dk; (tu;dj yf;dk;) kw;Wk; Nahfq;fSk; (rf;jp Nahfk;>uh[Nahfk;) Mfpait ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,tuJ “G+u;t kPkhk;r #j;jpuq;fs;” fpl;lj;jl;l 3000 #j;jpuq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ,J ju;kj;ijg;gw;wp Nghjpj;jNjhL kl;Lky;yhky; kPkhk;rh ghlrhiy khztu;fSf;F mbg;gilahd Nghjdh E}yhfTk; tpsq;fpaJ. ,tupd; ju;kj;ijg; gw;wpa tpsf;fq;fs; kdpj tho;f;iff;F rpwe;j tpsf;fkhff; fUjg;gl;lJ.

     gjQ;ryp Kdptu; : (fp.K.3000) ,tu; Nahfahj;uh vd;w E}iyj; njhFj;jtu;. ,e;j njhFg;gpy; kdJ kw;Wk; cs;Szu;T rk;ge;jg;gl;l jj;Jthu;j;jkhd gonkhopfs; ,lk; ngw;wpUe;jd.

     gd;dpdp Kdptu;;; : (fp.K.520 – 460) ,tu; gz;ila fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpa ,yf;fz tpj;jfu;. ,tu; Rkhu; 3959 ,yf;fz tpjpfis cUthf;fpatu;. ,tuJ fhyj;NjhL rk];fpUj Ntjfhyk; Kbtile;jjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

     fhl;ahad up\p : (fp.K. 3 k; E}w;whz;L) ,tUk; xU rk];fpUj ,yf;fz tpj;jfu;> fzpjNkij; kw;Wk; NtjQhdp Mthu; ,tu; gz;ila ,e;jpahtpy; fpNuNfh – ghf;Bupad; uh[;aj;jpy; ,Ue;jhu;> gd;dpdp Kdptupd; ,yf;fz E}y;fis tpupthf;fp ‘bf;fh’ vd;w E}Yk;;>gjQ;ryp Kdptupd; ‘kfhgh\;ah’itAk; jOtp vOjpa ,U ,yf;fz E}y;fSk; cyFf;F ,tu; mspj;j NfhilahFk;.; ,tu; ‘Ry;g #j;uh’ vd;w [pNahnklup E}iyAk; vojpAs;shu;..

     Mu;agl;lh : (fp.K.476 – 550) ,tu; thdpay; kw;Wk; fzpj rh];jpuj;jpYk; rpwe;J tpsq;fpatu;. jw;Nghija ‘ghl;dh’ vDk; ‘ghlypGj;jpu’j;jpw;F mUfpYs;s ‘R\;khf’; vd;w fpuhkj;jpy; gpwe;J>’F\;kGuh’ tpy; jdJ gs;spg;gbg;ig Kbj;jhu;. ‘Mupagl;Bak;’ ‘Mu;agl;lh rpj;jhe;jk;’ Mfpait ,tupd; kpfr; rpwe;j gilg;Gfs; MFk;. thdpay; kw;Wk; fzpjk; rk;ge;jkhd ftpijtbthd ,e;j E}y;fs; gyE}w;wz;LfSf;Fg; gpwFk;  jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. Kjyhk; gh];fuh kw;Wk; ePyfz;l Nrhka;ah[p ,UtUk; ,tuJ E}y;fis tpupthf vOjpAs;sdu;. njupahj vz;fSf;F gjpyhf vf;]; Nghd;w vOj;Jf;fisg; gad;gLj;jp fzpjk; nra;j Kjy; fzpjNkij ,tuhfj;jhd; ,Uf;Fk;. thdpaypy; ,tupd; topKiwfs; ‘mTjhfah topKiw’ vd miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,tupd; gpw gilg;Gfs; fhztpy;iynad;whYk;> gpuk;k Fg;jhtpd; ‘fz;lhf; mj;ahakh’tpy; midj;Jk; tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

     tuhfpkpfpuu; ;: (fp.K. 505 – 587)  ;;c[n[a;dpiag; gpwg;gplkhff; nfhz;l tuhfpkpfpuu; ;gz;ila ,e;jpa E}y;fshd #upa rpj;jhe;jk;>Nuhkf> ngsypr>trp\;l kw;Wk; gpjhkf rpe;jhe;jk; vd;w Ie;J E}y;fis; njhFj;J  ‘gQ;r rpj;jhe;jpfh’  vd;w ngaupy; ntspapl;ltuhthu;. ,tupd; kw;nwhU gilg;G ‘gpUfj; rk;fpjh’ MFk;. ,J xU gy;fiyf; fsQ;rpakhFk; (vd;irfNsh gPbah).,e;jpa N[hjplj;jpy; [hjf mikg;ig tpsf;ff; $ba Ie;J Kf;fpa fpue;jq;fspy;; ,jTk; xd;whFk;. kw;w ehd;F E}y;fshtd njatQ;a ty;ygk;> ;yF [hjfk;>Nahfahj;uh kw;Wk; tpthf glyk; MfpaitahFk;. thdpaYk;> fzpjKk; N[hjplj;ij tpl;L gpupj;jtpl KbahjitfshFk;. ,e;jpa N[hjpltpaypd; je;ij vdg;gLk; tuhfpkpfpuu; kpfr;rpwe;j thdpay;>fzpj kw;Wk; N[hjpl Nkijahthu;. ,tUila Gjy;tu; gpUj;Aarh ‘N`huhrhuh’ vDk; E}iy N[hjpl cyFf;F mspj;jtuhthu;. rk];fpUj thu;j;ijfshd ‘jpupNfhzkpjp’ kw;Wk; ‘[pNahkpjp’ Mfpa nrhw;fNs ‘bupf;dhNkl;up’ kw;Wk; ‘[pNahnkl;up’ vd te;jd.tuhfpkpfpuu; thdrh];jpuj;jpw;F ‘gQ;rrpj;jhe;jpfhitAk; N[hjplj;jpw;F N`huhrh];j;uhitAk; vOjpdhu;. thdpaypYk;> fzpjj;jpYk; cyf Nkijfshd Nfg;yu; kw;Wk; Nyg;Ns]; Mfpatu;fSf;F ,izahf cau;e;jhu;. Nfg;yUf;F Kd;dNu ird; blh fzpjq;fis ,tu; mwpe;jpUe;jjhf #wg;gLfpwJ.; 

     Kjyhk; gh];fuh : (fp.K 600 – 680) 7 k; E}w;whz;bd; fzpjNkij. ,e;J mNugpa Kiwapy; vz; tbtj;jpy; G+[;aj;jpw;F rpwpa tl;l (Kl;il) ;tbtj;ij Kjy; Kjyhf cgNahfpj;jtu;. Mu;agl;lhtpd; rPlu;. Mu;agl;lhtpd; E}y;fSf;F tpsf;fk; mspj;jtu; ,tNu.

     yy;yh : (720 – 790) ;  ‘rp];ahjp tpj;jp je;uh’ vDk; E}iy vOjpa kpfr; rpwe;j thdpay; ty;Ydu;;.

    =juh : 8 k; E}w;whz;bd; rpwe;j fzpj Nkij. Nfhsj;jpd; nfhs;sT fhZk; #j;jpuj;ijAk;>#j;jpuj;jpw;F jPu;T fhZk; tpjpfisAk; fz;Lgpbj;jtu;.

    tNl];tuh : 10 k; E}w;whz;bd; fzpj Nkij. ,jpy; ‘mg;isL Nkjnkbf;];’ gw;wp tpsf;fpAs;shu;.

    tPuNrdh : 8 k; E}w;whz;bd; fzpj ty;Ydu;. yhfpupj Kiwapy; fzpjk; nra;jtu;.’mu;j;j Nrjh’  ‘buuf;f Nrjh’ kw;Wk; ‘rJu;j;j Nrlh’ Mfpatw;iw fzpjj;jpy; cgNahfpj;jtu; ,tNu.

     Mu;agl;lh – 2 : (920-1000) fzpj Nkij.kfhrpj;jhe;jj;ij cUthf;fpatu;.

     kfhtPuh : nefbt; vz;Zf;F tu;f;f %yk; fpilahJ vd Mzpj;jukhf; Fwpg;gpl;l fzpj Nkij. ePs; tl;lj;jpd; gug;gsT kw;Wk; Rw;wsT gw;wp Nrhjid nra;J> mjw;fhd tpjpfis mspj;jtu;.

     gpukk;Njth : Mu;agl;lhtpd; Mu;agl;Bak;  E}iy tpsf;fkhf vOjp jdJ ‘fuzgpufhrpfh’ vd;w E}ypy; mspj;j fzpj Nkij.

     gh];fuh – 2 (1114 -1185) gh];fuhr;rhu;ah vd miof;fg;gl;l ,tUk; xU fzpj Nkij. ,tuJ jpwik ,tiu c[;n[adpapy; ,Ue;j thdpay; ikaj; jiytuhf;fpaJ. yPyhtjp>(mupjnkbf;]; gw;wpaJ) gP[fzpjk; (my;[pg;uh) kw;Wk; rpj;jhe;j rpNuhd;kzp Mfpait ,tuJ gilg;GfshFk;.

     =gjp : (1019-1066) #up>re;jpu fpufzq;fisg; gw;wpa 20 ftpij tbt ‘jpNfhbj fuzh’ E}iy vOjpatu;. fpuf jPu;f;f Nuif fzf;fpLk; Kiw.fpufz fzpjk; kw;Wk; fpuf rQ;rhu fzpjk; gw;wp ,tu; 105 ];Nyhfq;fis vOjpAs;shu;. mjd; ngau; ‘JUt khd]h’ thFk;. NkYk; 19 ghly;fisf; nfhz;l ‘rpj;jhe;j Nrfuh’>125 ];Nyhfq;fisf; ;nfhz;l ‘fzpj jpyf;’ Mfpatw;iw vOjpatUk; ,tNu.

    kfhNjth : gz;ila N[hjpl E}y;fis njhFj;J toq;fpdhu;. ,tuJ gilg;G Ie;J jj;Jtq;fisf; nfhz;ljhf ,Ue;jJ. rk;[dh jj;Jth>Rjpf jj;Jth>([ddfhy epiy); gufpuz jj;th> (ght gyd;fs;) jrh jj;th (jrhGj;jp gyd;) MFk;.

     fhspjhrh : cj;jpufhyhkpu;jk; vd;w kpfr;rpwe;j N[hjpl E}iy cUthf;fpatu;. kpf mjpfkhd ght>fpuf fhufq;fs; cs;slf;fpaJ. rdpjpirapy;>Rf;fpu Gj;jpapy; murDk; Mz;bahthd; vd;gJ Nghd;w gyd;fisAk; cs;slf;fpaJ.;;